Rassegna bibliografica

Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology. Vol. 8, Iss. 1, February 2013

Screening for tuberculosis and the use of a borderline zone for the interpretation of the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) in Portuguese healthcare workers.


Riassunto

Introduction The effect of using a borderline zone for the interpretation of the interferon-gamma releaseassay (IGRA) on the prediction of progression to active tuberculosis (TB) in healthcare workers (HCW) is analysed.

Methods Data from a published study on TB screening in Portuguese HCW is reanalysed using a borderline zone for theinterpretation of the IGRA. Testing was performed with the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT). The borderline zone for the QFT was defined as interferon (INF) in QFT >=0.2 to <0.7 IU/mL. An X-ray was performed when the IGRA was positive (>=0.35 IU/mL) or typical symptoms were present. Sputum analysis was performed according to the X-ray or the presence of typical symptoms.

Results The cohort comprised 2,884 HCW with a QFT that could be interpreted. In 1,780 (61.7%) HCW, the QFT was <0.2 IU/mL. A borderline result was found in 341 (11.8%) and a QFT >0.7 IU/mL in 763 (26.3%) HCW. Fifty-seven HCW had a TB in their medical history, eight had a TB at the time of screening and progression to active TB was observed in four HCW. Two out of eight HCW (25%) with active TB at the time of screening had a QFT result falling into the borderline zone. One out of four HCW (25%) who progressed towards active TB after being tested with QFT had QFT results falling into the borderline zone. A second IGRA was performed in 1,199 HCW. In total, 292 (24.4%) HCW had at least one of the two IGRA results pertaining to the borderline zone.

Conclusion Using a borderline zone for the QFT from 0.2 to 0.7 IU/mL should be administered with care, as active TB as well as progression to active TB might be overlooked. Therefore, the borderline zone should be restricted to populations with a low TB risk only.

Commento

Ad oggi, con un occhio di riguardo alle caratteristiche epidemiologiche di questa patologia in italia, lo screening per infezioni tubercolari latenti e per infezioni tubercolari attive è un elemento fondamentale nei programmi di prevenzione della medicina del lavoro e va ad interessare una vasta gamma di mansioni soprattutto in ambito sanitario.

Accennando brevemente al test di Mantoux, che ha il notevole disagio della lettura dopo 24-72 ore e che è ad oggi praticamente introvabile a meno che non ci si rivolga ad una ASL, attualmente gli esami di screening considerati come gold-standard sono quelli denominati con l'acronimo di IGRA (Interferon-Gamma Releasing Assay) e rappresentati da due test disponibili in commercio: il QuantiFERON ®-TB Gold e il T-SPOT.TB ®.

Tuttavia, specialmente negli operatori sanitari esposti al rischio biologico da TBC, alcune questioni riguardanti l'interpretazione dei risultati dei tests IGRA rimangono senza risposta. Di particolare rilievo nella letteratura scientifica è il problema delle conversioni di test risultati precedentemente positivi in test negativi e la reversione di test precedentemente negativi in test positivi.

Questo studio, pubblicato sul Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology, propone l’utilizzo di un range borderline di valori con cui interpretare il test QuantiFERON ® allo scopo di separare conversioni e reversioni reali da quelle casuali. Lo studio è il primo in letteratura a riportare dati sul rilevamento della malattia e sulla predittività della malattia nello screening di operatori sanitari con utilizzo di test IGRA, utilizzando un range borderline di valori per l’interpretazione dei risultati.

 

Keywords

Healthcare workers, Interferon-γ release assay, Tuberculosis

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