Rassegna bibliografica

Vol. 71, Iss. 1, January 2014

An extensive epidemiological investigation of a kidney cancer cluster in a chemical plant: what have we learned?


Riassunto

Objectives In 2003, a cluster of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cases was reported among men working at a French chemical plant using a proprietary process to produce vitamin A. The 10 index cases yielded a standardised incidence ratio of 13.1 for 1994–2002. Nine of these 10 cases were diagnosed by a plant-specific abdominal ultrasonography screening programme that targeted exposure to an intermediate chemical, 4-chloro-1,1-dimethoxy-3-methyl-2-butene, commonly named ‘chloracetal C5’, suspected as the cause by some experts. Epidemiological investigations sought to examine the relations between occupational exposures and RCC.

Methods A retrospective cohort mortality study and a nested case–control study were conducted. The cohort study included all workers who had been employed at the plant for at least 6 months between 1960 and 2003. The case–control study included an extensive search within the region for other kidney cancer cases among the cohort members. Industrial hygienists assessed occupational exposure.

Results From 1968 to 2006, no significant excess mortality was observed for all causes of death or for all cancers. We found excess mortality for kidney cancer only among women. The nested case–control study showed a dose–response relation for cumulative exposure to chloracetal C5: the OR rose from 2.5 in the low-exposure category to 10.5 in the high-exposure group. Adjustment for screening attenuated this relation.

Conclusions The results of the case–control study were consistent with the positive results of in vivo genotoxic tests and suggest that chloracetal C5 can have a causal role in RCC.

Commento

Alcuni esperti dei Ministeri Francesi del Lavoro e della Salute hanno sospettato, nel 2003, che il 4-cloro-1,1-dimetossi-3-metil-2-butene, comunemente conosciuto come Chloracetal C5, possa essere stato all'origine di un cluster di casi di carcinoma renale osservati in un’azienda francese, leader mondiale nella produzione di integratori alimentari  per animali contenenti vitamine.

Il Chloracetal C5 era un prodotto chimico intermedio che veniva utilizzato nell’azienda per la sintesi della vitamina A. In relazione alla scarsità delle conoscenze circa la sua tossicità renale, Iwatsubo e collaboratori hanno condotto, nel presente articolo, la prima indagine esistente in letteratura riguardante il rischio di carcinoma renale in un impianto di produzione di vitamine. Gli autori hanno realizzato dapprima uno studio retrospettivo di coorte, teso ad esplorare i pattern di mortalità per cancro all’interno dell’azienda, e successivamente uno studio caso-controllo, incentrato sulla relazione tra l’incidenza di carcinoma renale e le esposizioni professionali al Chloracetal C5.

Nonostante la difficoltà nel giungere ad una conclusione definitiva sul ruolo causale di questo composto, il riscontro di una relazione dose-risposta significativa e la presenza di effetti genotossici in vivo tendono a supportare in senso positivo l’ipotesi.

Keywords

chemical plant, kidney cancer, mortality, renal cell carcinoma

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